Recently I have been reading THE FOUR VOYAGES by Cristoforo Colombo translated by JM Cohen.
A great read of exploration, but disquieting with early entries predicting the extermination of the Arawaks or Tainos who inhabited the Caribbean and Central America. For centuries western historians guiltcaped the extinction by blaming the disappearance of the egalitarian culture on Smallpox, when in fact the reason for this genocide was the spread of disease through rape and Spanish not bathing, slavery, and brutality. The invaders worked them so hard, that by 1514 the population of Hispaniola, which had been estimated at between several hundred thousand to over a million people, had been reduced to a mere 35,000 years they killed half the people in Hispanola, about 125,000 people according to Wikipedia. At present time approximately 15,000 Arawaks lived in Guyana, with smaller numbers present in Venezuela, Suriname, and French Guiana, although their DNA is strongly represented throughout the islands. Their numbers are increasing despite all attempts to kill them off by the West.
The language lives on too.
Ayo.
FROM THE DIARY OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
SATURDAY OCTOBER 13, 1492
As soon as it dawned, many of these people came to the beach?all young, as I have said, and all of good stature?very handsome people, with their hair not curly but straight and coarse, like horsehair; and all of them very wide in-the forehead and head, more so than any other race that I have seen so far. And their eyes are very handsome and not small; and none of them are black, but of the color of the Canary Islanders. Nor should anything else be expected since this island is on an east-west line with the island of Hierro in the Canaries. All alike have very straight legs and no belly but are very well formed.
They came to the ship with dugouts [canoes] that are made from the trunk of one tree, like a long boat, and all of one piece, and worked marvelously in the fashion of the land, and so big that in some of them 40 and 45 men came. And others smaller, down to some in which one man came alone. They row with a paddle like that of a baker and go marvelously. And if it capsizes on them then they throw themselves in the water, and they right and empty it with calabashes [hollowed out gourds] that they carry.
They brought balls of spun cotton and parrots and javelins and other little things that it would be tiresome to write down, and they gave everything for anything that was given to them. I was attentive and labored to find out if there was any gold; and I saw that some of them wore a little piece hung in a hole that they have in their noses. And by signs I was able to understand that, going to the south or rounding the island to the south, there was there a king who had large vessels of it and had very much gold. I strove to get them to go there and later saw that they had no intention of going. I decided to wait until the afternoon of the morrow and then depart for the southwest, for, as many of them showed me, they said there was land to the south and to the southwest and to the northwest and that these people from the northwest came to fight them many times.
And so I will go to the southwest to seek gold and precious stones. This island is quite big and very flat and with very green trees and much water and a very large lake in the middle and without any mountains; and all of it so green that it is a pleasure to look at. And these people are very gentle, and because of their desire to have some of our things, and believing that nothing will be given to them without their giving something, and not having anything, they take what they can and then throw themselves into the water to swim.
But everything they have they give for anything given to them, for they traded even pieces for pieces of bowls and broken glass cups, and I even saw 16 balls of cotton given for three Portuguese ceotis [copper coins], which is a Castilian blanca [a copper coin worth half of a maravedi]. And in them there was probably more than an arroba [around 24 pounds] of spun cotton.
This I had forbidden and I did not let anyone take any of it, except that I had ordered it all taken for Your Highnesses if it were in quantity. It grows here on this island, but because of the short rime I could not declare this for sure. And also the gold that they wear hung in their noses originates here; but in order not to lose time I want to go see if I can find the island of Cipango.
Now, since night had come, all the Indians went ashore in their dugouts.
